otomatisasi perkantoran

OTOMATISASI PERKANTORAN DAN APLIKASI OTOMATISASI KANTOR
OTOMATISASI ADALAH : PENGGUNAAN MESIN UNTUK MENJALANKAN TUGAS FISIK YANG BIASA DILAKUKAN OLEH MANUSIA.
OTOMATISASI KANTOR ( OFFICE AUTOMATION ATAU OA ) ADALAH
SEMUA SISTEM ELEKTRONIK FORMAL DAN INFORMAL TERUTAMA YANG BERKAITAN DENGAN KOMUNIKASI INFORMASI KEPADA DAN DARI ORANG YANG BERADA DIDALAM MAUPUN DILUAR PERUSAHAAN.
PENGGUNA OTOMATISASI KANTOR
OTOMATISASI KANTOR ( OA ) DIGUNAKAN OLEH SEMUA ORANG YANG BEKERJA DIDALAM KANTOR. PADA DASARNYA ADA EMPAT KATEGORI PEMAKAI OA, YAITU :
1. MANAJER
2. PROFESIONAL
3. SEKRETARIS
4. CLERICAL EMPLOYEE ( KLERK )
ISTILAH “KNOWLEDGE WORKER” DITERAPKAN PADA MANAJER DAN PROFESIONAL, YAITU ORANG YANG MEMBERIKAN SUMBANGAN PENGETAHUANNYA TERHADAP AKTIVITAS PERUSAHAAN.

TUJUAN OTOMATISASI KANTOR: OTOMATISASI KANTOR BERTUJUAN UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PRODUKTIVITAS.
BILA DITERAPKAN SEBAGAI ALAH PEMECAH MASALAH, OTOMATISASI KANTOR DAPAT MEMBERIKAN KEMAMPUAN ANTARA MANAJER UNTUK SALING MELAKUKAN KOMUNIKASI DENGAN LEBIH BAIK SELAGI MEREKA MEMECAHKAN MASALAH. PENINGKATAN KOMUNIKASI INI DAPAT MENGHASILKAN KEPUTUSAN YANG LEBIH BAIK DAN LEBIH CEPAT.

 Komponen Aplikasi dalam OA
Aplikasi dalam OA dibedakan menjadi dua macam yaitu aplikasi perkantoran menggunakan peralatan elektronik non komputer dan aplikasi perkantoran menggunakan komputer. Dalam banyak hal fungsi dari kedua jenis aplikasi di atas adalah sama hanya peralatannya saja yang berbeda.
Aplikasi-aplikasi dalam OA adalah :
@ Word processin
@ Electronic and voice mail
@ Computer calendaring
@ Audio conferencing
@ Video conferencing
@ Computer conferencing
@ FAX
@ Videotex
@ Imaging
@ Desktop publishing



•Word Processing
Word processing atau pengolahan kata adalah penggunaan alat elektronik yang secara otomatis melaksanakan banyak tugas-tugas yang diperlukan untuk menyiapkan dokumen yang diketik atau dicetak
Penggunaan perangkat komputer yang menghasilkan berbagai tugas pengetikan dan pencetakan dokumen secara otomatis.

Sekretaris atau manajer melakukan pengetikan melalui terminal, dari sini sebuah dokumen yang disiapkan (diketik) dapat dilakukan pengeditan terlebih dahulu, sebelum disimpan ke dalam komputer. Dokumen juga dapat diambil atau disimpan dalam media penyimpanan luar. Jika diperlukan dapat dibuat hard copy dalam cetakan printer. Hasil cetakan ini dapat diberikan kepada manajer sebagai bahan persiapan agar komunikasi dapat berjalan lebih efektif. Dalam perkantoran modern dokumen tidak mesti harus dicetak, namun dapat di attach dari komputer lain yang terhubung dalam satu jaringan komputer.

http://images.google.co.id/images?um=1&hl=id&client=firefox-a&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&channel=s&tbs=isch:1&q=word+processing&sa=N&start=18&ndsp=18

MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS

MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS



A company often becomes involved in international trade by exchanging goods or services with another country-importing raw materials it may need for production or these trade relationship is the first step in the development of a multinational business.At stage,however,the corporation’s emphasis is still on the domestic market.As trade expands,the corporation’s dealings with companies or people outside the “home country”of that corporation increase.
The corporation then begins to view the whole world as a base for production and marketing operations.The next step in the development of a multinational business is focusing on the world market.The company may estabilishing a foreign assembly plant,engage in contract manufacturing,or build a foreigen manucturing company or subsidiary.Therefore,a multinational corporation is a company that is primarily based in one country and has production and marketing activities foreign countries.
Since World War II,multinational corporations have grown rapidly.The names and products of many of the multinational have become well-knownin the world marketplace:international Business machines(IBM),Royal Dutch shell,Panasonic,Coca-cola,and volkswagen.coca-cola,for example,now has operations in more then 180 countries.
A multinational corporations operates in a complex business environment.Cultural,social, economic,political,and technologi system vary from country to country.In order to operete successfully,a multinational company needs a basic understanding and appreciation of the foreign business environment.







A.Answer the following question about multinationals.Questions with asterisks(*)cannot be answered directly from the text.


1. What is the first step in the development of a multinational business?
2. Where is the company’s emphasis when it is simply trading with other countries?
3. What market does a multinational corporation focus on?
4. A company may estabilish its manufacturing operations in foreign countries what are
Three forms that these operations may take?
5. What is a multinational corporation?
6. When have multinational grown rapidly?*Why do you think they have experienced
Period of rapid growth?
7. *What are some products that are produced by the following multinational
Corporations:IBM,coca-cola,Panasonic,shell,and Volkswagen?
8. *Why does a multinational corporation operate in a more complex businnes
Environment than a domestic company?
9. *What are some of the social and political factors that can vary from country to
Country?
10. Why does a multinational corporation need a basic understanding of foreign
Business environments?*How can a multinational gain this understanding?




ANSWER:

The first step(it)is estabilishing the trade relation ship with another countri.
The companies emphasis(it)is still on the domestic market.
A multinational corporation (it)focuses on the world market.
The three forms(they)are:it may estabilish a foreign assembly plant,engange in contract manufacturing,and build a foreign manufacturing company or a subsidiary.
A multinational corporation(it)is a company that is primary bosed in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.
Multinationals(they)have grown rapidly since world II.Because during the war many countries knew what resources are scarce or abundant in outhor countries.
IBm business machine;rayal,dutch,shell;oil;Panasonic;electronic;coca-cola;soft drink;Volkswagen;auto mobils;
Because a multinational, corporation focuses on the world market,and each country has its own systems culturally;economic;political;and technologically where as a domestic company only operates in one coutry which its systems its already familiar.
Socially;in japan life time employment systems is applied,where as in Indonesia contract system employment is used,politically;Thailand is monarchism;Indonesia is domestic.
In order to operate successfully,this understanding can be gained throught market research.

kata-kata yang sulit

Management : Pimpinan
Function : Tugas
Play : Memainkan
Vital : Penting
Organized : Yang di organisasi
Is composed of charge : Terdiri dari tanggung jawab
Organization : Perusahaan
Duties : Tugas
Include : Mencakup
Making sure : Meyakinkan
objective : tujuan
are met : Tercapai
Seeing : Pengawasan
Regardiess : Tidak pandang
Spectif job : Tugas khusus
Pergorm : Melakukan
Involves : Termasuk
Achived : Dicapai
Alternative : Pilihan lain
Course : Rangkaian
Fits : Sesuai
Estabilished : Ditetapkan
Is listed : Terdaftar
Depend on : Tergantung
However : Namun
Even : Walaupun
move on : Bergerak terus
Futher : Lebih lanjut
Putting : Menjadikan
Alocating : Pengalokasian
Resource : Sumberdaya
Especially : Terutama
So that : Sehingga
Can be alterned : Dapat di capai
Position : Jabatan
Created : Di adakan
Associated : Yang ada hubungannya
Staffing : Pemilihan staff
Employess : Pegawai
Potential : potensial
Abilities : Kemampuan
Requires : Menghendaki
Angoing : Terus menerus
How well : Seberapa banyak
In order to : Untuk
Assigned : Di berikan
Adequatelly : Secara benar
Interpersonal : Bergaul
Skill : Kemampuan
vary : Berbeda-beda

MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS

MANAGEMENT FUNCTIONS

Management plays a vital role in any business or organized activity.Management is composed of a team of managers who have charge of the organization at all levels.Their duties include making sure company objectives are met and seeing that the business operates efficiently.Regards of the specific job,most managers perform four basic functions.
Planning
Organizing
Directing
Controling

Planing involves determining overall company objectives and deciding how these goals can best be achived.managers evaluate alternative plans before choosing a specific course of action and then check to see that the chosen plans fits into the objectives established at higher organizational levels.planning is listed as the first management function because the others depend on it.However,even as managers move on to perform other managerial functions,planning countinuse as goals and alternatives are further evaluated and revised.
Organizing the second management function, is the process of putting the plan into action. This involves allocating resources, especially human resources, so that the overall objectives can be attained. In this phase, managers decide on the positions to be created and determine the associated duties and responsibilities. Staffing, choosing the right person for the right job, may also be included as part of the organizing function.
Third is the day-to-day direction and supervision of employees. In directing, managers guide, teach, and motivate workers so that they reach their potential abilities and at the same time achieve the company goals that were estabilished in the planning process. Effective direction, or supervision, by managers requires ongoing communication with employes.
In the last management fuction,controlling,managers evaluate how well company objectives are being met.In order to complete this evaluation,managers must look at the objectives estabilished in the pallaning phase and at how well the tasks assigned in the directing phase are being completed.if major problems exist and goals are not being achieved,then changes need to be made in the company’s organizational,or managerial,structure,in making changes,managers might have to go back and replan,reorganize,and redirect.
In order to adequately and efficiently performthese management functions managers need interpersonal,organizational,and tehnical skills,Altought all four functions are managerial dutie,the importence of each may vary,depending on the situation.effective managers meet the objectives of the company througt a siccesfull combination of planning,organization,directing,and controlling.

kata-kata yg sulit

Management : Pimpinan
Function : Tugas
Play : Memainkan
Vital : Penting
Organized : Yang di organisasi
Is composed of charge : Terdiri dari tanggung jawab
Organization : Perusahaan
Duties : Tugas
Include : Mencakup
Making sure : Meyakinkan
objective : tujuan
are met : Tercapai
Seeing : Pengawasan
Regardiess : Tidak pandang
Spectif job : Tugas khusus
Pergorm : Melakukan
Involves : Termasuk
Achived : Dicapai
Alternative : Pilihan lain
Course : Rangkaian
Fits : Sesuai
Estabilished : Ditetapkan
Is listed : Terdaftar
Depend on : Tergantung
However : Namun
Even : Walaupun
move on : Bergerak terus
Futher : Lebih lanjut
Putting : Menjadikan
Alocating : Pengalokasian
Resource : Sumberdaya
Especially : Terutama
So that : Sehingga
Can be alterned : Dapat di capai
Position : Jabatan
Created : Di adakan
Associated : Yang ada hubungannya
Staffing : Pemilihan staff
Employess : Pegawai
Potential : potensial
Abilities : Kemampuan
Requires : Menghendaki
Angoing : Terus menerus
How well : Seberapa banyak
In order to : Untuk
Assigned : Di berikan
Adequatelly : Secara benar
Interpersonal : Bergaul
Skill : Kemampuan
vary : Berbeda-beda

MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS

MULTINATIONAL CORPORATIONS

A company often becomes involved in international trade by exchanging goods or services with another country-importing raw materials it may need for production or these trade relationship is the first step in the development of a multinational business.At stage,however,the corporation’s emphasis is still on the domestic market.As trade expands,the corporation’s dealings with companies or people outside the “home country”of that corporation increase.

The corporation then begins to view the whole world as a base for production and marketing operations.The next step in the development of a multinational business is focusing on the world market.The company may estabilishing a foreign assembly plant,engage in contract manufacturing,or build a foreigen manucturing company or subsidiary.Therefore,a multinational corporation is a company that is primarily based in one country and has production and marketing activities foreign countries.

Since World War II,multinational corporations have grown rapidly.The names and products of many of the multinational have become well-knownin the world marketplace:international Business machines(IBM),Royal Dutch shell,Panasonic,Coca-cola,and volkswagen.coca-cola,for example,now has operations in more then 180 countries.

A multinational corporations operates in a complex business environment.Cultural,social, economic,political,and technologi system vary from country to country.In order to operete successfully,a multinational company needs a basic understanding and appreciation of the foreign business environment.

A.Answer the following question about multinationals.Questions with asterisks(*)cannot be answered directly from the text.

1. What is the first step in the development of a multinational business?

2. Where is the company’s emphasis when it is simply trading with other countries?

3. What market does a multinational corporation focus on?

4. A company may estabilish its manufacturing operations in foreign countries what are

Three forms that these operations may take?

5. What is a multinational corporation?

6. When have multinational grown rapidly?*Why do you think they have experienced

Period of rapid growth?

7. *What are some products that are produced by the following multinational

Corporations:IBM,coca-cola,Panasonic,shell,and Volkswagen?

8. *Why does a multinational corporation operate in a more complex businnes

Environment than a domestic company?

9. *What are some of the social and political factors that can vary from country to

Country?

10. Why does a multinational corporation need a basic understanding of foreign

Business environments?*How can a multinational gain this understanding?

ANSWER:

1. The first step(it)is estabilishing the trade relation ship with another countri.
2. The companies emphasis(it)is still on the domestic market.
3. A multinational corporation (it)focuses on the world market.
4. The three forms(they)are:it may estabilish a foreign assembly plant,engange in contract manufacturing,and build a foreign manufacturing company or a subsidiary.
5. A multinational corporation(it)is a company that is primary bosed in one country and has production and marketing activities in foreign countries.
6. Multinationals(they)have grown rapidly since world II.Because during the war many countries knew what resources are scarce or abundant in outhor countries.
7. IBm business machine;rayal,dutch,shell;oil;Panasonic;electronic;coca-cola;soft drink;Volkswagen;auto mobils;
8. Because a multinational, corporation focuses on the world market,and each country has its own systems culturally;economic;political;and technologically where as a domestic company only operates in one coutry which its systems its already familiar.
9. Socially;in japan life time employment systems is applied,where as in Indonesia contract system employment is used,politically;Thailand is monarchism;Indonesia is domestic.
10. In order to operate successfully,this understanding can be gained throught market research.

tugas-tugas

KELOMPOK SATU

1. Distribuiton = The movement of goods oe services from the factory to

To the market place.

2. Sale = The exchange for a product or services for money.

3. Production = Creation of services or the changing or materials into

Product.

4. Goods = Production that pople erther need or wont,for example cars can

Be classicfield as goods.

5.Modren Business = The production.distribution,and sale of goods and

Services or provit.

6. services = Actibilites that aperson or group performs for another person or organization.

7. Traditional Business = The exchange or trade for thing people wanted or need.

8. Provit = Profit or economic surplus is the money that remaining

After all the expenses are paid.

KELOMPOK DUA

1. Accountant = A specialist in recording and interpreting financial

Information of company.

2. Book keeper = A specialis recording and keeping financial

Information.

3. Personal manager = The head of a manufacturing department in a company

4. General Manager = An employee who has the most responsibilities in

Company .

5. System anali = A specialist whose job is to analyze the programs for

The computer.

6. Computer operator = An employee whose job is to operete the mechane.

7. Computer programmer = A specialist whose job is to analyst the program for

For the computer.

8. Stok Broker = An accountant who receives fee for services.

KELOMPOK TIGA

1. Marketing = Goods or services that a company wants to sell.

2. Product = If the company charges for its products more than the

Average prices.

3. placement = Getting the products from manufacturer to coustemer.

4. Marketing Mix = The a mount of money that a company wants to

Charge for it products.

5. The Fourps = Communication a bout the products that takes.

TENSES

Pr = Present ,Ps = Past,S = Simple,C = Countinucus,F = Future,Pf = perfect

1. Pr.s = He write many latters everyday (hatitual action)

2. Ps.s = He wrote m.i. yesterday (occurred in the past)

3. Pr.c = He was writing m.i. now (is occurring right now)

4. Ps.s = He was writing m.i. when t it rained yesterday (two actions in the past)

5.Pr.f = He will write m.i. tomorrow (will happen in the future)

6.Ps.f = He would wrote m.i. yesterday,but the didn’n have time

7.Pr.pf = He has eritten m.i. already (has just happened now)

8.Ps.pf = He had written m.i. when it rained yesterday (two actions in the past)

9.Pr.fc = He will be writing m.i.when you visit him tomorrow (in the future)

10.Ps.fc = He would be writing m.i.whenyou visited him yesterday (in the past)

11.Pr.f pf = He will have written m.i.when you come tomorrow (in the futuring)

12.Ps.f pf = He would have written m.i.when you come yesterday (in the past)

13.Pr.pf c = He has been writing m.i.foe two days until now (in the past)

14.Ps.pf c = He had been writing m.i.for two days until yesterday (coninously from past to past)

15.Pr.f pfc = He will have been writing m.i.for two days until tomorrow (until in the future)

16.Pf.f pfc = He would have been writing m.i. for two days until yesterday (until in the past)

SINGULAR – PLURAL

Pronoun : I – we, you – you, he – she,it – they

Regular : book – books,party – parties,self – selves

Irregular : child – children,mouse –mice

Un cantable : water – water,news – news

Put the sentences into plural

Example : Achildren is a boy or girl

Children and boys or girls

QUESTION

1. A dog is an animals
2. A potato is a vegetables
3. He is a student
4. He is doing my homeherwork
5. He is studying
6. She her self writers the letter
7. A business consists of am operation
8. She performs a services by answering a question
9. What is the different between you and me
10. His friend is also my friend
11. The student has almost finished doing it
12. Has she ever been studying a broad
13. The carth a uake causes a great disaster
14. Does he understand the lesson
15. There is a boy and girls in the class

ANSWER

1.dogs are animals

2. Potaots are vegetables

3. They are students

4. We are doing our homework

5. They are studying

6. The them her self writer the letter

7. A business consist of operation

8. They services by answering question

9. What are they differencen between you and us

10. They friend also our friend

11.The student have almost finished doing it

12. Have they ever been studying a broad

13. The carthauake causes great distater.

14. Do they understand

15. They are boys and girls in the class